Factibilidad técnica y económica de una planta procesadora de papayas en Chanco y Pelluhue

64 p.El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la factibilidad técnica y económica de una planta de conserva de papayas en las comunas de Chanco y Pelluhue, Región del Maule. Para este objeto se hizo un catastro general de las plantas de Papayos existente en las comunas antes mencionadas y se entrevistaron a los dueños de estas plantaciones. También se entrevistó a dos procesadores de papayas, uno en la comuna de lIoca y otro en la comuna de Pelluhue, con el objetivo de conocer los aspectos técnicos de producción de conservas de papayas. Finalmente se evaluaron las obras civiles necesarias para la industrialización del Papayo y el equipamiento de la planta. Para hacer el estudio de factibilidad económica se empleó la metodología clásica de evaluación de proyectos y se estimaron los indicadores VAN y TIR. El estudio permitió concluir lo siguiente: a) En las comunas de Chanco y Pelluhue existen cinco productores de papaya y la producción actual de fruta es de 10,6 toneladas. En su nivel máximo la producción de estas comunas podría llegar a 21 toneladas . b) Para procesar la fruta que se produce en Chanco y Pelluhue se necesita una inversión de 51 ,3 millones. Esta inversión tiene una rentabilidad razonable (superior al 7% anual) solo si, atrae el 91 % o más de la fruta que se produce en las comunas ya mencionadas. Con un nivel de procesamiento de fruta de 90% o menos la planta no es viable desde el punto de vista económico. c) Contrario a lo anterior, la inversión permanece rentable con un aumento de hasta un 40% en el precio de la fruta fresca. d) Lo anterior implica que la variable clave para el éxito comercial de una planta conservera en Chanco y Pelluhue, es el nivel de abastecimiento de fruta. Si se quisiera formar una cooperativa para procesar la fruta, es muy importante que exista entre los productores el espíritu cooperativo necesario para abastecer la planta./ABSTRACT:This study aims at determining the technical and economical feasibility of a processing plant of papaya, in the communes of Chanco and Pelluhue, the Maule Region (Chile). To this effect an inventory of all the papaya plants that exist in these communes was drawn out and the owners of the plantations interviewed. Two processors were also interviewed, one from the nearby commune of lIoca and the other from Pelluhue, in order to learn about the technical aspects of manufacturing papaya preserves. The buildings and equipment necessary were estimated and the usual project appraisal techniques applied, to estimate the Net Present Value (NPV) and the Internal Rate of Return (IRR). The following conclusions were drawn from this study: a) Only five papaya producers exist in the communes of Chanco and Pelluhue, with a current total production of 10.6 tons of fruit per year. The maximum production to be obtained once all trees reach full maturity is of 21 tons per annum. b) An investment of MM$51 .3 (Chilean pesos) are needed to process the aboye mentioned fruit. This investment has a reasonable rate of return, aboye 7% per annum, if and only if it attracts 91 % of the fruit or more. With levels of processing below 90% the plant is no longer viable, from an economic standpoint. c) Contrary wise, the operation remains commercially viable with an increase of as much of 40% in the price of papaya (the main input). d) The aboye implies that the key commercial variable is the supply of papaya of the plant. Hence, if the plant should be financed as a co-operative, it is essential for the commercial success of the plant the existence of a cooperative spirit within the producer

Traumatic subarachnoid pleural fistula in children: Case report, algorithm and classification proposal

Subarachnoid pleural fistulas are rare. They have been described as complications of thoracic surgery, penetrating injuries and spinal surgery, among others. We present the case of a 3-year-old female child, who suffer spinal cord trauma secondary to a car accident, developing a posterior subarachnoid pleural fistula. To our knowledge this is the first reported case of a pediatric patient with subarachnoid pleural fistula resulting from closed trauma, requiring intensive multimodal management. We also present a management algorithm and a proposed classification. The diagnosis of this pathology is difficult when not associated with neurological deficit. A high degree of suspicion, multidisciplinary management and timely surgical intervention allow optimal management

Fast Electrochemical Measurement of Laccase Activity for Monitoring Grapes’ Infection with Botrytis cinerea

Grapes’ infection with the fungi Botrytis cinerea is one of the major causes of economic loss in the winemaking sector worldwide. The laccase activity of grapes is considered an appropriate indicator of this type of fungal infection, and enzymatic activity higher than 3 U/mL indicates a high risk of irreversibly damaged grape must due to enzymatic browning. This work describes a fast test for the measurement of laccase activity based on a dual optical and electrochemical detection method. A paper sensor impregnated with the enzymatic substrate dye 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) provides a semi-quantitative optical measurement. While the paper sensor can be used independently, when combined with a screen-printed electrode and amperometry measurements, it enables the quantitative detection of laccase activities down to 0.4 U/mL in only 5 min. The method was applied for monitoring the artificial infection of white, rosé, and red grapes with different strains of Botrytis cinerea. The results were confirmed by parallel analysis using the spectrophotometric method of laccase activity determination based on syringaldazine. The influence of the fungal strain and type of grape on laccase activity levels is reported. The demonstrated robustness, simplicity, and versatility of the developed method make it ideal for application on-site in the vineyard or at grape processing points.Financial support provided by the Romanian Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research, Development and Innovation (UEFISCDI), ERANET-MANUNET-III-WINBIOTOOL-2, contract 151/9.03.2020 grant (for A.V), contract150/9.03.2020 (for P.E) and contract 152/9.03.2020 (for C.P. (Catalina Pantazi), E.B., and M.I.); the Romanian Academy grant RO1567-IBB05/2021 (for R.R. and C.P. (Cristina Purcarea)); the Basque Government and the European Union through the European regional development fund 2014–2020 (FEDER) (ZL-2020/00532 and ZL-2021/00340); and the Diputación Foral de Álava (ALAVA INNOVA program—INNOEM-2020/00045) for Bodegas de los Herederos del Marqués de Riscal; and the Diputación Foral de Álava (ALAVA INNOVA program— INNOEM-2020/00045) for Bodegas de los Herederos del Marqués de Risca is gratefully acknowledged

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

New Agrarian Democracies: The Pink Tide’s Lost Opportunity

With the electoral defeat of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner in December 2015 in Argentina, the removal from power of President Dilma Rousseff in August 2016 in Brazil, and the debacle that has unfolded since the death of Hugo Chávez in Venezuela, the latest cycle of left-wing politics has come to an end in Latin America.  What crumbles with the cresting of the ‘pink tide’ is a particular way of bringing together social movements and political parties, which never really shook off the remnants of populist and clientelist forms of mobilizing, organizing, and representing the popular classes. In this essay, we will look back at the new types of rural democracy that rural workers, peasant and indigenous movements were developing in the 1990s while they were struggling against neoliberal policies in order to assess what was achieved under left-wing governments. We use the term ‘new agrarian democracies’ as an umbrella under which we place their different projects to radically transform the countryside, as well as the actual way in which they began to organize decision-making in the communities under their influence.Against this backdrop, we will critically analyze the main agrarian policies of the ‘pink tide’ governments in Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela, as well as Brazil. Through this analysis we seek to contribute to strategic discussions in the Socialist Register regarding the relationship between social movements and political parties in projects for radical social change, and the importance of the democratic transformation of the state in this process.  Our main argument is that overall, even if they improved the living and working conditions of subaltern rural classes, these governments did not modify the pro-agribusiness model of rural development. Following the policies of their neoliberal predecessors, they continued to support large-scale export farming and did little, if anything, to roll back the growing control by agribusiness of the different stages of agricultural production. To be sure, they created or expanded policies supporting small-scale producers and introduced measures to improve living and working conditions of rural labourers. But with the partial exceptions of Brazil, Bolivia, and Venezuela, these governments did not carry out redistributive land reforms that would have tackled the historic unequal distribution of land in the region.  As this essay shall show, in failing to alter the unequal distribution of land and create new economic and societal forms in the countryside, pink tide governments not only missed a valuable opportunity to begin the construction of new agrarian democracies in Latin America, but also facilitated the development of the powerful 'coalesced bourgeoisies' that opposed it

Factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de queratitis micótica

La queratitis infecciosa se mantiene como una de las causas más prevalentes de ceguera no reversible a nivel mundial, según datos de la OMS. Las principales causas de la queratitis infecciosa varían enormemente según la región geográfica, el nivel socioeconómico, la presencia de factores de riesgo como el uso de lentes de contacto, historia de trauma ocular, comorbilidades y edad del paciente. Dentro de la etiología de la queratitis infecciosa, la infección corneal por hongos varía entre un 6 y un 60% dependiendo de la región geográfica que se exponga. Tradicionalmente se describe a esta entidad como una afección oportunista de zonas tropicales y rurales, causada mayoritariamente por trauma con exposición vegetal. Sin embargo, en países desarrollados su causa sería principalmente secundaria al uso de lentes de contacto. Se realizó un análisis acerca de los factores de riesgo que contribuyen al desarrollo de queratitis micótica en pacientes atendidos por el área de oftalmología en el Hospital Abel Gilbert Pontón durante el periodo 2016-2018

El diagnóstico organizacional, contextualizado en los negocios fabriles de la provincia de Santa Elena-Ecuador 2015-2016

 El objetivo de este reporte científico consiste en identificar los principales inconvenientes organizacionales que tienen los negocios fabriles, en los 3 cantones de la provincia de Santa Elena-Ecuador. La metodología a seguir para realizar un diagnóstico organizacional a profundidad se sustenta en métodos y técnicas científicas (entrevistas y encuestas), en el estudio realizado a 119 pymes fabriles de un total de 653 empresas productoras, en los ámbitos: productivo, organizacional y comercialización interna y externa. La concepción de diagnóstico está relacionada a la acción de realizar investigaciones que permitan buscar información para poder describir un fenómeno o incluso encontrar las causas de su ocurrencia. El diagnóstico tiene como propósito reflejar la situación de un cuerpo, estado o sistema para que luego se proceda a realizar una acción o tratamiento que ya se preveía realizar o que a partir de los resultados del diagnóstico se decide llevar a cabo. Los resultados obtenidos arrojan las principales insuficiencias de costo-beneficio, estructura organizacional y procesos de comercialización, que permitirán elaborar e implementar en futuras investigaciones, las estrategias empresariales para contribuir a lograr un desarrollo productivo sostenible en las empresas fabriles de la provincia de Santa Elena, resaltando la necesidad del uso crítico y reflexivo de la teoría a lo largo del proceso investigativo en el campo de las Ciencias Empresariales.

Development and Validation of the Social Thermoregulation and Risk Avoidance Questionnaire (STRAQ-1)

International audienc